2022-11-03人工智能74

文章目录

matplotlib
*
点线
散点
样式
坐标系
数学之心
等高线
热力图
饼图
分图显示
scatter 3D
wireframe 3D
surface 3D
contour 3D
经济柱形图
人口柱形图
股票图
turtle
*
bdd
shock
shock2
随机字
tree
networkx
*
BA网络
社交网络
最短路径
mayavi
*
barchart
colormap
contour3d
plot3d
opengl

最后更新
2022.02.12

绘图库大全：
matplotlib底层灵活可实现复杂操作
seaborn是mp的上层更简单
pyecharts百度的图表可视化库
basemap地理地图
pygal矢量图
networkx网络
plotly地图趋势
turtle作画
mayavi三维可视化
opengl开放图形库
其他的还有pyqtgraph、pyQT5、PIL（pillow）、tkinter、holoviews、altair、vispy、bokeh等

matplotlib

一般用import matplotlib.pyplot as plt；import numpy as np
而pylab是把上两个都包含了，快速开发简单的可以用，复杂的还是不用pylab，调用耗时
matplotlib.patches包是形状，但不常用

点线

一些常用的python绘图包

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

plt.plot( [1,2],[1,2],'--b',[1,2],[1,3], '--b', label='curve_fit values', linewidth=1)
plt.plot( [1,2],[1,2], '*r',[1,2],[1,3], '*r', label='original values',markersize=30
          , markeredgewidth=1, markeredgecolor="grey")

plt.plot([1,3],[2,2],'ob:')

plt.show()

一些常用的python绘图包

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

x=np.array([[0,1,2],[3,4,5],[6,7,8]])
y=np.array([[2,3,2],[3,4,3],[4,5,4]])
plt.plot(x,y)
plt.legend(['a','b','c'],loc=4)
plt.show()

散点

一些常用的python绘图包

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

x=np.arange(-100,100,0.1)
plt.title('x')
plt.plot(x,x*np.cos(x),'c')
plt.plot(x,x*np.sin(x),'g')
plt.show()
exit()

n = 10
x = np.random.rand(n)
y = np.random.rand(n)

plt.scatter(x,y,200,'r','*',alpha=0.6,linewidths=1,edgecolors='g')
plt.show()
n = 50
x = np.random.rand(n)
y = np.random.rand(n)
q = np.random.rand(n)
w = np.random.rand(n)
from matplotlib import colors
changecolor = colors.Normalize(vmin=0.4, vmax=0.8)
plt.scatter(x,y,q*600,w,'o',alpha=0.5, cmap='viridis',norm=changecolor)

plt.colorbar()
plt.show()

样式

一些常用的python绘图包

plt.style.use('seaborn')
plt.figure(figsize=(10,5))
subplot(1,1,1)
x = np.linspace(-np.pi, np.pi, 256, endpoint=True)
y1 = np.sin(x)
y2 = np.cos(x)
plt.plot(x,y1,color='b',linewidth=2.0,linestyle="-",label = "sinx")
plt.plot(x,y2,color='r',linewidth=2.0,linestyle="-",label = "cosx")
plt.text(-2,0.5,'y=x*x')
plt.text(2,-1,r'$ y=\cos(\frac{\pi}{2}) $')

plt.xlabel('x')
plt.ylabel('y')

plt.fill(x,y1,'c')
plt.legend(loc='best')
plt.show()

一些常用的python绘图包


plt.style.use('bmh')
x=np.arange(-100,100,0.1)
y1=x*np.cos(x/5)
y2=x*np.sin(x/5)
plt.plot(x,y1,'c')
plt.plot(x,y2,'g')
plt.fill_between(x,y1,y2)
plt.show()

坐标系

一些常用的python绘图包

from pylab import *
figure(figsize=(8,6))
x = linspace(-np.pi, np.pi, 250,endpoint=True)
plot(x, cos(x), color="b", linewidth=2, linestyle="-")
ax = gca()
ax.spines['right'].set_color('none')
ax.spines['top'].set_color('none')
ax.spines['bottom'].set_position(('data',0))
ax.spines['left'].set_position(('data',0))
yticks([-1,-0.5, 0,0.5, 1])
show()

数学之心

一些常用的python绘图包

from pylab import *
style.use('seaborn')
x = linspace(-2, 2, 140,endpoint=True)
z=abs(x)**(2/3)+0.8*sqrt(3.3-x**2)*sin(1100*pi*x)
plot(x, z, color="r", linewidth=2, linestyle="-")
show()

等高线

一些常用的python绘图包

from pylab import *
n = 1000

x, y = meshgrid(np.linspace(-3, 3, n),linspace(-3, 3, n))
print(x.shape,y.shape)
y1 = np.random.uniform(0.5, 1.0, n)
y2 = np.random.uniform(0.5, 1.0, n)
z = (1 - x/2 + x**5 + y**3) * np.exp(-x**2 - y**2)

cntr = contour(x, y, z, 8, colors='black', linewidths=0.5)

clabel(cntr, inline_spacing=1, fmt='%.1f', fontsize=10)

cntr = contourf(x, y, z, 8, cmap='jet')
show()

热力图

一些常用的python绘图包

from pylab import *
subplot(121)
X,Y = np.meshgrid(np.linspace(-3,3,4),np.linspace(-3,3,4))
imshow(X*Y*cos(X), cmap='jet')
subplot(122)
x,y = np.meshgrid(np.linspace(-3,3,400),np.linspace(-3,3,400))
imshow(x*y*cos(x)+x**2+y/0.1, cmap='jet')
show()

饼图

一些常用的python绘图包

from pylab import *

pie([17, 100, 31, 21, 26],
    [0.01, 0.01, 0.11, 0.01, 0.01],
    ['PHP', 'Python', 'Go', 'C++', 'Java'],
    ['blue', 'yellow', 'red', 'green','c'],
    '%d%%',shadow=True,startangle=90)
show()

分图显示

一些常用的python绘图包

from pylab import *
subplot(2,1,1)
contourf(array([[33,11],[33,-3]]))
subplot(2,2,3)
pie([23,55,11])
subplot(2,4,7)
imshow([[3,4],[3,4]])
subplot(2,4,8)
plot([2,3],[4,5],'r')
twinx()
show()

scatter 3D

一些常用的python绘图包

from pylab import *
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import axes3d

n = 1000
x = np.random.normal(0, 1, n)
y = np.random.normal(0, 1, n)
z = np.random.normal(0, 1, n)
d = np.sqrt(x ** 2 + y ** 2 + z ** 2)
ax =gca(projection='3d')
ax.set_xlabel('X')
ax.set_ylabel('Y')
ax.set_zlabel('Z')
ax.scatter(x, y, z, s=60, c=d, cmap="jet_r", alpha=0.6, marker='*')

show()

wireframe 3D

一些常用的python绘图包

from pylab import *
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import axes3d

n = 1000
x, y = np.meshgrid(np.linspace(-3, 3, n), np.linspace(-3, 3, n))
y1 =  np.random.uniform(0.5, 1.0, n)
y2 =  np.random.uniform(0.5, 1.0, n)
z =(x**2 - y**3+abs(sin(y))*10)
ax =gca(projection='3d')
ax.set_xlabel('X')
ax.set_ylabel('Y')
ax.set_zlabel('Z')
ax.plot_wireframe(x, y, z, rstride=30, cstride=30, linewidth=0.5, color='c')

show()

surface 3D

一些常用的python绘图包

from pylab import *
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import axes3d

n = 1000
x, y = np.meshgrid(np.linspace(-3, 3, n), np.linspace(-3, 3, n))
y1 =  np.random.uniform(0.5, 1.0, n)
y2 =  np.random.uniform(0.5, 1.0, n)
z = (1 - x/2 + x**5 + y**3) * np.exp(-x**2 - y**2)
ax =gca(projection='3d')
ax.set_xlabel('X')
ax.set_ylabel('Y')
ax.set_zlabel('Z')
ax.plot_surface(x, y, z, rstride=10, cstride=10, cmap='jet')

show()

contour 3D

一些常用的python绘图包

from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
from matplotlib import cm
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import axes3d
fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.gca(projection='3d')
X, Y, Z = axes3d.get_test_data(0.01)
ax.plot_surface(X, Y, Z, rstride=8, cstride=8, alpha=0.5, cmap='jet')
cset = ax.contour(X, Y, Z, zdir='z', offset=-100, cmap=cm.coolwarm)
cset = ax.contour(X, Y, Z, zdir='x', offset=-40, cmap=cm.coolwarm)
cset = ax.contour(X, Y, Z, zdir='y', offset=40, cmap=cm.coolwarm)
ax.set_xlabel('X')
ax.set_xlim(-40, 40)
ax.set_ylabel('Y')
ax.set_ylim(-40, 40)
ax.set_zlabel('Z')
ax.set_zlim(-100, 100)
plt.show()

经济柱形图

一些常用的python绘图包


b=pd.read_excel('jj.xls')
bb=np.array(b)
print(bb.shape)
print(bb[5:-3])

from pylab import *

title('各行业企业经济情况',fontsize=20)
rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['FangSong']
lb=bb[6:-3][:,0]
lens=len(lb)
bar(range(0,lens*2,2),bb[6:-3][:,1],label=lb,color='violet',width=0.6,alpha=1)

for a, b in zip(range(0,lens*2,2),bb[6:-3][:,1]):
    plt.text(a, b + 0.05, '%.0f' % b, ha='center', va='bottom', fontsize=10)
xticks([i for i in range(0,lens*2,2)],lb,rotation=270)
ylabel('企业个数')

twinx()
ylabel('企业资产(亿)')
bar([i+0.5 for i in range(0,lens*2,2)],bb[6:-3][:,2],color='b',width=0.6,alpha=1)

for a,c in zip(range(0,lens*2,2),bb[6:-3][:,2]):
    plt.text(a+0.5, c + 0.05, '%.0f' % c, ha='center', va='bottom', fontsize=10)

show()

人口柱形图

一些常用的python绘图包


a=pd.read_excel('man.xls')
print(a)
aa=np.array(a)
print(aa.shape)
print(aa[6:])
aasum=aa[6]
aa=aa[7:,:8]

from pylab import *
style.use('seaborn')
title('人口普查')
rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['FangSong']
rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False
lb=aa[:,0]
lens=aa.shape[0]
barh(lb,aa[:,5]/aasum[5]*100,label='男',color='m')
barh(lb,-aa[:,6]/aasum[6]*100,label='女',color='deepskyblue')
for a, b,c in zip(range(lens),-aa[:,6]/aasum[6]*100,aa[:,5]/aasum[5]*100):
    plt.text(b-0.2 ,a, round(b,1), ha='center', va='center', fontsize=10)
    plt.text(c+0.2 ,a, round(c,1), ha='center', va='center', fontsize=10)
xlim(-10,10)
xlabel('人数占比')
ylabel('各省份')
legend(loc="upper",ncol=2,frameon=False)
show()

股票图

一些常用的python绘图包


c=pd.read_csv('df.csv',encoding='gbk')
cc=np.array(c)

print(cc.shape)

d5,d10,d20,d30,d60=[],[],[],[],[]
sp=cc[:,4]
rule = re.compile(r",")
hp=[int(rule.sub('', i)) for i in cc[:,7]]
M5,M10=[],[]
for i in range(150):
    d5.append(sum(sp[-150-5+i:-150+i])/5)
    d10.append(sum(sp[-150-10+i:-150+i])/10)
    d20.append(sum(sp[-150-20+i:-150+i])/20)
    d30.append(sum(sp[-150-30+i:-150+i])/30)
    d60.append(sum(sp[-150-60+i:-150+i])/60)
    M5.append(sum(hp[-150-5+i:-150+i])/5)
    M10.append(sum(hp[-150-10+i:-150+i])/10)

cc=cc[-150:]
from pylab import *
rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['FangSong']
subplot(2,1,1)
title('东方电缆(SH:603606)')
n=0
low,up=0,0
usec=[]
for i in cc:
    n+=1

    k,g,d,s=i[1:5]
    if k<s:color='r'
    if k>s:color='green'
    if k==s:color='gray'
    usec.append(color)
    plot([n,n],[k,s],color,linewidth=5)
    plot([n,n],[min(k,s),d],color,linewidth=1)
    plot([n,n],[max(k,s),g],color,linewidth=1)
    low,up=min(low,d),max(up,g)
yticks(linspace(low,up,5,endpoint=True))
grid(linestyle='--',axis='y')
xlim(0,n)

plot(range(150),d5,'-y',label='MA5')
plot(range(150),d10,'-b',label='MA10')
plot(range(150),d20,'-m',label='MA20')
plot(range(150),d30,'-c',label='MA30')
plot(range(150),d60,'-g',label='MA60')
legend()
xticks([])

subplot(4,1,3)

hand=cc[:,7]
print(hand[4],type(hand[4]))
rule = re.compile(r",")
hand=[int(rule.sub('', i)) for i in hand]
hup=max( hand)
yticks(linspace(1,hup,5,endpoint=True))
for i in range(150):
    bar(i,int(hand[i]),color=usec[i])
xlim(0,n)
plot(range(150),M5,'-y',label='M5')
plot(range(150),M10,'-b',label='M10')
legend(ncol=2)

show()
exit()

一些常用的python绘图包

turtle

它是是py自带包，海龟作图

bdd

图

import turtle

turtle.title('zzz')
turtle.speed(5000)

turtle.penup()
turtle.goto(177, 112)
turtle.pencolor("lightgray")
turtle.pensize(3)
turtle.fillcolor("white")
turtle.begin_fill()
turtle.pendown()
turtle.setheading(80)
turtle.circle(-45, 200)
turtle.circle(-300, 23)
turtle.end_fill()

turtle.penup()
turtle.goto(182, 95)
turtle.pencolor("black")
turtle.pensize(1)
turtle.fillcolor("black")
turtle.begin_fill()
turtle.setheading(95)
turtle.pendown()
turtle.circle(-37, 160)
turtle.circle(-20, 50)
turtle.circle(-200, 30)
turtle.end_fill()

turtle.penup()
turtle.goto(-73, 230)
turtle.pencolor("lightgray")
turtle.pensize(3)
turtle.fillcolor("white")
turtle.begin_fill()
turtle.pendown()
turtle.setheading(20)
turtle.circle(-250, 35)

turtle.setheading(50)
turtle.circle(-42, 180)

turtle.setheading(-50)
turtle.circle(-190, 30)
turtle.circle(-320, 45)

turtle.circle(120, 30)
turtle.circle(200, 12)
turtle.circle(-18, 85)
turtle.circle(-180, 23)
turtle.circle(-20, 110)
turtle.circle(15, 115)
turtle.circle(100, 12)

turtle.circle(15, 120)
turtle.circle(-15, 110)
turtle.circle(-150, 30)
turtle.circle(-15, 70)
turtle.circle(-150, 10)
turtle.circle(200, 35)
turtle.circle(-150, 20)

turtle.setheading(-120)
turtle.circle(50, 30)
turtle.circle(-35, 200)
turtle.circle(-300, 23)

turtle.setheading(86)
turtle.circle(-300, 26)

turtle.setheading(122)
turtle.circle(-53, 160)
turtle.end_fill()

turtle.penup()
turtle.goto(-137, 170)
turtle.pencolor("black")
turtle.pensize(1)
turtle.fillcolor("black")
turtle.begin_fill()
turtle.pendown()
turtle.setheading(120)
turtle.circle(-37, 160)
turtle.setheading(210)
turtle.circle(160, 20)
turtle.end_fill()

turtle.penup()
turtle.goto(90, 230)
turtle.setheading(40)
turtle.begin_fill()
turtle.pendown()
turtle.circle(-30, 170)
turtle.setheading(125)
turtle.circle(150, 23)
turtle.end_fill()

turtle.penup()
turtle.goto(-180, -55)
turtle.fillcolor("black")
turtle.begin_fill()
turtle.setheading(-120)
turtle.pendown()
turtle.circle(50, 30)
turtle.circle(-27, 200)
turtle.circle(-300, 20)
turtle.setheading(-90)
turtle.circle(300, 14)
turtle.end_fill()

turtle.penup()
turtle.goto(110, -173)
turtle.fillcolor("black")
turtle.begin_fill()
turtle.pendown()
turtle.setheading(-115)
turtle.circle(110, 15)
turtle.circle(200, 10)
turtle.circle(-18, 80)
turtle.circle(-180, 13)
turtle.circle(-20, 90)
turtle.circle(15, 60)
turtle.setheading(42)
turtle.circle(-200, 29)
turtle.end_fill()

turtle.penup()
turtle.goto(-40, -215)
turtle.fillcolor("black")
turtle.begin_fill()
turtle.pendown()
turtle.setheading(-155)
turtle.circle(15, 100)
turtle.circle(-10, 110)
turtle.circle(-100, 30)
turtle.circle(-15, 65)
turtle.circle(-100, 10)
turtle.circle(200, 15)
turtle.setheading(-14)
turtle.circle(-200, 27)
turtle.end_fill()

turtle.penup()
turtle.goto(-64, 120)
turtle.begin_fill()
turtle.pendown()
turtle.setheading(40)
turtle.circle(-35, 152)
turtle.circle(-100, 50)
turtle.circle(-35, 130)
turtle.circle(-100, 50)
turtle.end_fill()

turtle.penup()
turtle.goto(-47, 55)
turtle.fillcolor("white")
turtle.begin_fill()
turtle.pendown()
turtle.setheading(0)
turtle.circle(25, 360)
turtle.end_fill()
turtle.penup()
turtle.goto(-45, 62)
turtle.pencolor("darkslategray")
turtle.fillcolor("darkslategray")
turtle.begin_fill()
turtle.pendown()
turtle.setheading(0)
turtle.circle(19, 360)
turtle.end_fill()
turtle.penup()
turtle.goto(-45, 68)
turtle.fillcolor("black")
turtle.begin_fill()
turtle.pendown()
turtle.setheading(0)
turtle.circle(10, 360)
turtle.end_fill()
turtle.penup()
turtle.goto(-47, 86)
turtle.pencolor("white")
turtle.fillcolor("white")
turtle.begin_fill()
turtle.pendown()
turtle.setheading(0)
turtle.circle(5, 360)
turtle.end_fill()

turtle.penup()
turtle.goto(51, 82)
turtle.fillcolor("black")
turtle.begin_fill()
turtle.pendown()
turtle.setheading(120)
turtle.circle(-32, 152)
turtle.circle(-100, 55)
turtle.circle(-25, 120)
turtle.circle(-120, 45)
turtle.end_fill()

turtle.penup()
turtle.goto(79, 60)
turtle.fillcolor("white")
turtle.begin_fill()
turtle.pendown()
turtle.setheading(0)
turtle.circle(24, 360)
turtle.end_fill()
turtle.penup()
turtle.goto(79, 64)
turtle.pencolor("darkslategray")
turtle.fillcolor("darkslategray")
turtle.begin_fill()
turtle.pendown()
turtle.setheading(0)
turtle.circle(19, 360)
turtle.end_fill()
turtle.penup()
turtle.goto(79, 70)
turtle.fillcolor("black")
turtle.begin_fill()
turtle.pendown()
turtle.setheading(0)
turtle.circle(10, 360)
turtle.end_fill()
turtle.penup()
turtle.goto(79, 88)
turtle.pencolor("white")
turtle.fillcolor("white")
turtle.begin_fill()
turtle.pendown()
turtle.setheading(0)
turtle.circle(5, 360)
turtle.end_fill()

turtle.penup()
turtle.goto(37, 80)
turtle.fillcolor("black")
turtle.begin_fill()
turtle.pendown()
turtle.circle(-8, 130)
turtle.circle(-22, 100)
turtle.circle(-8, 130)
turtle.end_fill()

turtle.penup()
turtle.goto(-15, 48)
turtle.setheading(-36)
turtle.begin_fill()
turtle.pendown()
turtle.circle(60, 70)
turtle.setheading(-132)
turtle.circle(-45, 100)
turtle.end_fill()

turtle.penup()
turtle.goto(-135, 120)
turtle.pensize(5)
turtle.pencolor("cyan")
turtle.pendown()
turtle.setheading(60)
turtle.circle(-164, 150)
turtle.circle(-130, 78)
turtle.circle(-252, 30)
turtle.circle(-136, 105)
turtle.penup()
turtle.goto(-131, 116)
turtle.pencolor("slateblue")
turtle.pendown()
turtle.setheading(60)
turtle.circle(-160, 144)
turtle.circle(-122, 78)
turtle.circle(-239, 30)
turtle.circle(-135, 106)
turtle.penup()
turtle.goto(-127, 112)
turtle.pencolor("orangered")
turtle.pendown()
turtle.setheading(60)
turtle.circle(-155, 136)
turtle.circle(-116, 86)
turtle.circle(-220, 30)
turtle.circle(-134, 103)
turtle.penup()
turtle.goto(-123, 108)
turtle.pencolor("gold")
turtle.pendown()
turtle.setheading(60)
turtle.circle(-150, 136)
turtle.circle(-104, 86)
turtle.circle(-220, 30)
turtle.circle(-126, 102)
turtle.penup()
turtle.goto(-120, 104)
turtle.pencolor("greenyellow")
turtle.pendown()
turtle.setheading(60)
turtle.circle(-145, 136)
turtle.circle(-90, 83)
turtle.circle(-220, 30)
turtle.circle(-120, 100)
turtle.penup()

turtle.penup()
turtle.goto(225, 110)
turtle.pencolor("brown")
turtle.pensize(1)
turtle.fillcolor("brown")
turtle.begin_fill()
turtle.pendown()
turtle.setheading(36)
turtle.circle(-8, 180)
turtle.circle(-60, 24)
turtle.setheading(110)
turtle.circle(-60, 24)
turtle.circle(-8, 180)
turtle.end_fill()

turtle.pensize(2)
turtle.penup()
turtle.goto(-15, -160)
turtle.pendown()
turtle.pencolor("blue")
turtle.circle(6)
turtle.penup()
turtle.goto(0, -160)
turtle.pendown()
turtle.pencolor("black")
turtle.circle(6)
turtle.penup()
turtle.goto(15, -160)
turtle.pendown()
turtle.pencolor("brown")
turtle.circle(6)
turtle.penup()
turtle.goto(-8, -165)
turtle.pendown()
turtle.pencolor("lightgoldenrod")
turtle.circle(6)
turtle.penup()
turtle.goto(6, -165)
turtle.pendown()
turtle.pencolor("green")
turtle.circle(6)
turtle.penup()

turtle.pencolor("black")
turtle.goto(-30, -148)
turtle.write("BEIJING 2022", font=('Arial', 10, 'bold italic'))
turtle.hideturtle()

turtle.goto(-30, -348)
turtle.write("对齐了没", font=('Arial', 20))
turtle.hideturtle()
turtle.done()

shock

一些常用的python绘图包

import turtle as t

angle = 60
t.setup(1280,720)
t.bgcolor('black')
t.pensize(1)
randomColor = ['red','blue','green','purple','gold','pink']
t.speed(1000)
for i in range(1000):
      t.color(randomColor[i%6])
      t.fd(i)
      t.rt(angle+0.5)
t.up()
t.color("#0fe6ca")
t.goto(-1000,-1000)
t.down()
t.done()

shock2

一些常用的python绘图包

from turtle import *
speed(1000)
colormode(255)
clrs = ["MidnightBlue", "Navy", "DarkBlue", "MediumBlue", "RoyalBlue", "MediumSlateBlue", "CornflowerBlue",
        "DodgerBlue", "DeepskyBlue", "LightSkyBlue", "SkyBlue", "LightBlue"]
for j in range(120):
    cn = 0
    c = 30
    f = 70
    for i in range(12):
        pencolor(clrs[cn])
        circle(c)
        left(90)
        penup()
        forward(f)
        right(90)
        pendown()
        c = c * 0.8
        f = f * 0.8
        circle(c)
        cn = cn + 1
    penup()
    goto(0, 0)
    forward(5)
    right(3)
    pendown()
done()

随机字

一些常用的python绘图包

from turtle import *
import random
strs= """
时光不老 我们不散。
心若向阳 无畏悲伤。
你若安好 便是晴天。
心有灵犀 一点就通。
人来人往 繁华似锦。
生能尽欢 死亦无憾。
花开花落 人世无常。
""".split("。")
setup(1280,720)
colormode(255)
up()
a, b = -500, 280
goto(a,b)
bgcolor("black")
down()
def w(strs,b):
    bgcolor( 70,0,140)
    for i in range(len(strs)):
        up()
        goto(a+100*i,b)
        down()
        size =  random.randint(12,68)
        color( random.randint(60,255),random.randint(0,255),random.randint(60,255))
        write(strs[i], align="center",font=("楷体",size))
for i in range(7):
    w(strs[i],b-100*i)
up()
color("#262626;")
goto(-1000,-1000)
down()
ht()
done()

tree

一些常用的python绘图包

from turtle import *
from random import *
from math import *

def tree(n, l):
    pd()
    t = cos(radians(heading() + 45)) / 8 + 0.25
    pencolor(t, t, t)
    pensize(n / 4)
    forward(l)
    if n > 0:
        b = random() * 15 + 10
        c = random() * 15 + 10
        d = l * (random() * 0.35 + 0.6)
        right(b)
        tree(n - 1, d)
        left(b + c)
        tree(n - 1, d)
        right(c)
    else:
        right(90)
        n = cos(radians(heading() - 45)) / 4 + 0.5
        pencolor(n, n, n)
        circle(2)
        left(90)
    pu()
    backward(l)
bgcolor(0.5, 0.5, 0.5)
ht()
speed(0)
tracer(0, 0)
left(90)
pu()
backward(300)
tree(13, 100)
done()

networkx

networkx是一个用Python语言开发的图论与复杂网络建模工具，内置了常用的图与复杂网络分析算法，可以方便的进行复杂网络数据分析、仿真建模等工作。
利用networkx可以以标准化和非标准化的数据格式存储网络、生成多种随机网络和经典网络、分析网络结构、建立网络模型、设计新的网络算法、进行网络绘制等。
networkx支持创建简单无向图、有向图和多重图（multigraph）；内置许多标准的图论算法，节点可为任意数据；支持任意的边值维度，功能丰富，简单易用。
networkx以图（graph）为基本数据结构。图既可以由程序生成，也可以来自在线数据源，还可以从文件与数据库中读取。

基本流程：
1. 导入networkx，matplotlib包
2. 建立网络
3. 绘制网络 nx.draw()
4. 建立布局 pos = nx.spring_layout美化作用

BA网络

一些常用的python绘图包

import random
import networkx as nx
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

G = nx.DiGraph()

G.add_node('a')
G.add_node('d')
G.add_nodes_from(['b', 'c'])
G.add_edge('a','db')
print(G.number_of_nodes())
print(G.number_of_edges())
G.add_nodes_from([3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12])
G.add_edges_from([(3, 5), (3, 6), (6, 7)])
nx.draw(G,node_color='r')
plt.show()

G =nx.random_graphs.barabasi_albert_graph(100,1)
nx.draw(G,node_color=[random.random() for i in range(100)],edge_color = 'c',font_size =18,node_size=50)
plt.show()

社交网络

一些常用的python绘图包

import random
import networkx as nx
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import networkx.algorithms.bipartite as bipartite
G = nx.davis_southern_women_graph()
women = G.graph['top']
clubs = G.graph['bottom']
W = bipartite.projected_graph(G, women)
W = bipartite.weighted_projected_graph(G, women)
nx.draw(G, node_color="m",edge_color =[random.random() for i in range(G.number_of_edges())],font_size =10,node_size=40, with_labels=True)
plt.show()

最短路径

一些常用的python绘图包

import networkx as nx
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

G = nx.DiGraph()
G.add_weighted_edges_from([('0', '3', 3), ('0', '1', -5), ('0', '2', 2), ('1', '2', 4), ('2', '3', 1)])

edge_labels = nx.get_edge_attributes(G, 'weight')
labels = {'0': '0', '1': '1', '2': '2', '3': '3'}

pos = nx.spring_layout(G)

nx.draw_networkx_nodes(G, pos, node_color='g', node_size=500, alpha=0.8)

nx.draw_networkx_edges(G, pos, width=1.0, alpha=0.5, edge_color='b')

nx.draw_networkx_labels(G, pos, labels, font_size=16)

nx.draw_networkx_edge_labels(G, pos, edge_labels)

paths = nx.johnson(G, weight='weight')
print(paths)
plt.show()

mayavi

三维可视化
安装mayavi时不能pip，手动安装顺序为PyQt4–>Traits–>VTK–>Mayavi，找对应版本的whl

barchart

一些常用的python绘图包

import random
import mayavi.mlab as mlab
import numpy as np
s = np.random.rand(3,3)
mlab.barchart(s)
mlab.vectorbar()
mlab.show()

一些常用的python绘图包

r1=[random.randint(-100,100) for i in range(1000)]
r2=[random.randint(-100,100) for i in range(1000)]
r3=[random.randint(-100,100) for i in range(1000)]
mlab.barchart(r1,r2,r3)
mlab.vectorbar()
mlab.show()

colormap

一些常用的python绘图包

s = np.random.rand(3,3)
mlab.imshow(s)
mlab.colorbar()
mlab.show()

contour3d

一些常用的python绘图包


s = np.random.rand(3,3,3)
mlab.contour3d(s, contours=60, transparent=True)
mlab.colorbar()
mlab.show()

一些常用的python绘图包

x,y,z=np.mgrid[-5.:5:64j,-5.:5:64j,-5.:5:64j]
scalars=x**4+y**4+z**4
obj=mlab.contour3d(scalars,contours=8,transparent=True)
mlab.colorbar()
mlab.show()

plot3d

一些常用的python绘图包


def peaks(x,y):
    return 3.0*(1.0-x)**2*np.exp(-(x**2) - (y+1.0)**2) - 10*(x/5.0 - x**3 - y**5) * np.exp(-x**2-y**2) - 1.0/3.0*np.exp(-(x+1.0)**2 - y**2)
y,x = np.mgrid[-5:5:700j,-5:5:700j]
z=peaks(x,y)
mlab.mesh(x,y,z)
mlab.colorbar()
mlab.show()

一些常用的python绘图包


x, y = np.mgrid[-10:10:100j, -10:10:100j]
r = np.sqrt(x**2 + y**2)
z = np.sin(r)*r*2
mlab.surf(z, warp_scale='auto')
mlab.colorbar()
mlab.show()

一些常用的python绘图包


t=mgrid[-pi:pi:50j]
s=sin(t)
mlab.points3d(cos(t),sin(333*t),cos(5*t),s,mode='sphere',line_width=1)
mlab.colorbar()
mlab.show()

一些常用的python绘图包


n_mer, n_long = 26, 51
dphi = np.pi / 100000.0
phi = np.arange(0.0, 2 * np.pi + 0.5 * dphi, dphi)
mu = phi * n_mer
x = np.cos(mu) * (3 + np.cos(n_long * mu / n_mer) * 0.5)
y = np.sin(mu) * (3+ np.cos(n_long * mu / n_mer) * 0.5)
z = np.sin(n_long * mu / n_mer) * 0.5
mlab.plot3d(x, y, z, np.sin(mu), tube_radius=0.025, colormap='Spectral')
mlab.show()

opengl

它和opencv有点相反，cv是从图像到数据，gl是从数据到图像

Original: https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_42394432/article/details/122851271
Author: 星尘逸风
Title: 一些常用的python绘图包

Title: ImportError: cannot import name ‘Literal‘ from ‘typing‘ (D:Anacondaenvstensorflowlibtyping.py)

报错背景：

因为安装tensorflow-gpu版本需要，我把原来的新建的anaconda环境（我的名为tensorflow）中的python3.8降为了3.7。

在导入seaborn包时，出现了以下错误：

ImportError: cannot import name 'Literal' from 'typing' (D:\Anaconda\envs\tensorflow\lib\typing.py)

原因分析：

这是由于 'Literal' 只支持python3.8版本以上的，对于python3.7并不支持。如果不想升级python版（升级真的很麻烦，可能会导致我的tensorflow-gpu版的不能用了），请看以下解决方法：

情况一：

若你只是单纯的想导入 Literal 的话：

先在你的环境中安装typing_extensions（这是针对python3.8版本以下的使用方法），安装代码如下：

pip install typing_extensions

然后使用以下代码句就可以导入了

from typing_extensions import Literal

情况二：

如果你是像我一样，想导入别的包（如seaborn）,却遇到这种错误，以下是报错及解决方法：

报错如下：
一些常用的python绘图包
解决方法：
找到你的对应路径，打开用红框提示的.py文件（打开方式随你，我是用pycharm打开的），找到对应位置，改成如下：

from typing import (
    IO,
    TYPE_CHECKING,
    Any,
    AnyStr,
    Callable,
    Collection,
    Dict,
    Hashable,
    List,
    Mapping,
    Optional,
    Sequence,
    Tuple,
    Type as type_t,
    TypeVar,
    Union,
)

from typing_extensions import (
        Literal,
        TypedDict,
        final,
    )

如果还报 ImportError: cannot import name 'xxx' from 'typing'
即再回到此.py文件下进行修改，比如 TypedDict, 不能放到上面from typing import去,否则，则会报类似错误。

我修改完_typing.py文件后，再次运行，又报了以下错误（但是好歹不是之前那个错误了）

No module named 'pandas._libs.interval'

这个错误好改，在你的环境中,安装以下：

pip install --force-reinstall pandas

至此，终于解决问题，可以导入 seaborn 啦。

Original: https://blog.csdn.net/yuhaix/article/details/124528628
Author: 小小_喻
Title: ImportError: cannot import name ‘Literal‘ from ‘typing‘ (D:Anacondaenvstensorflowlibtyping.py)

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文章目录

matplotlib

点线

散点

样式

坐标系

数学之心

等高线

热力图

饼图

分图显示

scatter 3D

wireframe 3D

surface 3D

contour 3D

经济柱形图

人口柱形图

股票图

turtle

bdd

shock

shock2

随机字

tree

networkx

BA网络

社交网络

最短路径

mayavi

barchart

colormap

contour3d

plot3d

opengl

相关阅读

Title: ImportError: cannot import name ‘Literal‘ from ‘typing‘ (D:Anacondaenvstensorflowlibtyping.py)

报错背景：

原因分析：

情况一：

情况二：